In an evaluation, cyclical prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis was determined in prisoners in Lakan prison in the city of Rasht from September 2001- March 2002.According to the guidelines laid down by the who to control tuberculosis, out of 1933 prisoners, 816 had one or more of the symptoms as under: 1; cough with sputum of more than 3 weeks duration, 2; hemoptysis, 3; precordial pain, 4; significant loss of weight, 5; loss of appetite, 6; night sweats. Early morning specimens (3 direct smear of the sputum for acid fast bacilli from 456 of them) were obtained and 1-2 or none from the remaining, who were released during our investigation. Of these, 4 were sputum smear positive for AFB for 3 times, and who were in different wards. 6 inmates had been on treatment for TB. Thus the period prevalence of pulmonary smear positive TB at the time of the survey was 517/33 per 100000.

The prisoners" Community is the highly susceptible group as regards tuberculosis. This survey is aimed at evaluating the status of tuberculosis at Evin and Qasr prisons and is conducted in the years 1998-1999. In this descriptive study, the target population was interviewed and subjected to physicalexam, chest x-ray and sputum exam to get a clue to pulmonary tuberculosis and any tuberculous infection:A total of 6679 prisoners were examined out of whom 4479 prisoners were at Evin, 896 Female (20%) and 3593 men (80%) and 2200 men at Qasr. Out of 4479 prisoners at Evin 15 were diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis, 1 new sputum positive (male), 9 sputum positive who were under treatment for tuberculosis. and in Qasr prison out of 2200 prisoners 15 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were diagnosed which fell into 5 new smear positive,5 smear negative and 5 smear positivewho had discontinued their after treatment entering prison. Over all 520 chest-X-Ray were performed out of which 9.2% were abnormal and 5% were compatible with tuberculosis. The prevalence of notitied pulmonary TB in general population duringthe year 1999was 13.2per 100000 and for new smear positiveTB this ratio was 8.73 per 100000.The period prevalence for smear positive TB at Evin prison was calculated as 13.4 per 100000 and in Qasr prison 45.4 per 100000 and for pulmonary TB, 335 per 100000 at Evin and 678 per 100000 at Qasr, which in turn are 25.3 and 51.6 times more than the general population.

Background and Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease with different manifestations and progressive which is still the main health problem and is one of the causes of mortality in the world. One third of world population have been infected with T.B. and annualy 8-10 million new cases are added and each year 2-3 million persons die of T.B. infection. Due to outbreak of AIDS, T.B. infection seems to be more severe in this era. Estimation of HIV infection in the world is about 30 million persons, and about 5.6 million persons are infected with both HIV and T.B. with that in mind, the prevalence of T.B. and HIV have been reported more in crowded places, such as prisons, that is why this research was designed to estimate the prevalence of the two above mentioned diseases in township.Materials and Methods: 650 prisoners were tested with 5 units of PPD with the help of insulin syringes by expert technicians. And the result was determined after 48-72 hours. Those patients with induration of more than 5 mm. were considered as PPD positive. From the same patients and the patients with fever, loss of weight cough at least for three weeks along with loss of appetite, morning sputum samples were collected. The sputum sample was streaked on Levenson jenson medium, incubated at 37 for 3 weeks to 2 months, also from the same sample acid fast staining was done. 5 ml of blood was drawn from the patients and was tested for HIV by ELISA method.Results: From the above 650 prisoners tested for PPD about 83 (12.62%) persons had induration of more than 10 ml and 45 (6.93%) had induration of 5-10 ml and the rest had induration of less than 5 ml. Test on blood and sputum samples of 300 persons was done, after the culture and doing other tests 3 persons (1%) were acid fast positive, and all the samples were HIV negative.Conclusion: The low percentage of infection in prisons under study indicate the hygienic condition of prisons and shows that with proper hygienic conditions in prisions the prevalence of T.B. can be brought under control.

This study aims to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the consequences of the infiltration of prohibited items, particularly narcotics, into Iranian prisons and to propose strategies for controlling and reducing their transfer. Employing a mixed-method approach, the research focused on prisons in western Iran. Through convenience sampling, five provinces—Kurdistan, Ilam, Hamedan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan—were selected. A sample of 242 prisoners was chosen using stratified random sampling based on Cochran’s formula, proportional to the prisoner population reported by the Prison Organization. Data were collected via a researcher-designed questionnaire. Quantitative findings revealed that the entry, distribution, and use of prohibited items in the studied prisons are associated with extensive negative emotional consequences, including anxiety, stress, chronic fear, insecurity, sadness, depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and attempts, as well as offers to collaborate in smuggling, distributing, and consuming these items. Qualitative results identified key reasons for the infiltration of prohibited items, including organized criminal networks, weak regulations, profitability of drug smuggling, and inadequate control and inspection facilities. Proposed solutions were categorized into four groups: cultural factors (e. g., prisoner employment and recreation), control and monitoring policies, managerial factors, and legal and regulatory measures. The findings indicate that the presence of narcotics in prisons has profound negative impacts on both prison staff and inmates across various dimensions.

Safavid rule is considered an outstanding era in Iranian history، In pre-Safavid era none of the governments declared Shiite as official religion of Iran، Shiite, being an official religion of Iran, necessitated implementation of Islamic legal rulings in the newly established Safavid dynasty، Present study, using descriptive-analytic method and taking advantage of library resources is an endeavor to investigate prisons and prisoners’ condition in this period، According to the documents and resources of this period, legal rules used for giving sentences to the prisoners were mostly based on customary laws، Customary courts played active role in issued prison sentences، There were no public prisons in the literal meaning of the word، However the prisons were classified according to social class of the prisoner.

Background and objectives: One way to increase the quality of psychosocial health and reduce the stresses of social and professional life is to help people grow and develop the skills needed to create a good life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of life skills teaching for prisoners. Methodology: In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of data collection method it is considered as descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study was 60 prisoners and 30 employees (senior managers and heads of departments) of Bushehr General Administration and Prisons who answered the questionnaire of "evaluating the effectiveness of life skills teaching" that was conducted over a period of 2 years. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics, including one-sample t-test, analysis of variance and independent group t-test were used. Findings: Findings showed that life skills teaching for prisoners based on Patrick model in the dimensions of positive reaction to life skills (t = 39. 478), increasing knowledge of life skills (t = 49. 505), improving the applicability of life skills (t = 36. 700), and achieving life skills goals (t = 33. 694) has been effective. There was also a significant difference between the views of male and female staff regarding the effectiveness of life skills teaching for prisoners (t = 2. 30), but there was no significant difference in terms of marital status (t = 0. 933). Based on the results of analysis of variance, there was a significant difference between employees' views on the effectiveness of these teachings in terms of education (F = 2. 951), but in terms of employment status (F = 0. 017) and work experience (F = 0. 214). ), no significant difference was observed. Results: Participating in life skills teaching for prisoners has been effective in responding positively to life skills, increasing knowledge of life skills, improving the applicability of life skills to reduce abnormal and high-risk behaviors, and achieving life skills goals.